Opening narration
“ The year is 1847, the place is the territory of New Mexico, the people are a tiny handful of men and women with a dream. Eleven months ago, they started out from Ohio and headed west. Someone told them about a place called California, about a warm sun and a blue sky, about rich land and fresh air, and at this moment, almost a year later, they’ve seen nothing but cold, heat, exhaustion, hunger, and sickness. This man’s name is Christian Horn. He has a dying eight-year-old son and a heartsick wife, and he’s the only one remaining who has even a fragment of the dream left. Mr. Chris Horn, who’s going over the top of a rim to look for water and sustenance and in a moment will move into the Twilight Zone. ”
Plot
In the year 1847, Chris Horn is the leader of a small wagon train from Ohio attempting to reach California. Horn’s wife and young son Christian are riding in one of the group’s covered wagons. Christian is dangerously ill, and the others advise Horn the group wishes to turn back, as they’re almost out of food and water, and they lack medicine for those who are sick, like young Christian. Determined not to turn back, Horn sets off alone in a desperate search for water and sustenance, which he tells himself he’ll find over the rim of a nearby hill.
Horn crosses the sandy rim and suddenly finds himself in 1961 New Mexico. He is perplexed to see power lines, a hard black road, and a large truck coming at him, horn blaring. As the loud, fast-moving “monster with a face” zooms past the unnerved Horn, he stumbles, accidentally firing his rifle and grazing his arm.
He comes to a small café and gas station, owned by Joe and Mary Lou. The friendly Joe gives Horn water and Mary Lou tends to his injury, offering him penicillin, which she explains will ward off infection. They ask where he is from, curious about his old-fashioned clothes and “antique” (yet seemingly new) rifle; they don’t believe his story of traveling by wagon from Ohio. When Horn says he was looking for water, Joe mentions the location of a nearby water source, which also attracts game for food. Horn is then shocked to see the year “1961” on a wall calendar, and the couple is convinced the desert heat has made him mentally unstable.
Joe calls a local doctor to come check on Horn. The doctor finds Horn to be fit and seemingly rational, with only the implausibility of the man’s biography giving him reason to think otherwise. He calls the sheriff as the appropriate authority to look after him. Meanwhile, Horn has found an encyclopedia containing a brief biographical entry for “Horn, Christian Jr., M.D.”, who did great work with children’s diseases in late 19th-century California. Horn proudly concludes this is his son, and believes that he’s been brought to this place to save him. Taking the penicillin tablets with him, he bolts from the café and runs back toward where he came from.
The sheriff arrives, and he and Joe go after Horn, nearly catching up to him. Horn stumbles, dropping his rifle before scrambling back over the rim. There he sees the wagon train where he had left it, then looks back over the rim to find the territory unsettled, with no power lines or highway. After giving his son a dose of penicillin, Horn leads the party toward the water and game he’d learned of, and onward to California.
Meanwhile, Joe and the sheriff have returned to the café. Joe tells Mary Lou that Horn simply vanished; all they found was Horn’s rifle on the ground where he dropped it. Looking at it, they see that it now shows the effects of more than 100 years of exposure to the sun, its metal corroded and its wooden parts falling to pieces at their touch.
Closing narration
“ Mr. Christian Horn, one of the hearty breed of men who headed west during a time when there were no concrete highways or the solace of civilization. Mr. Christian Horn, and family and party, heading west, after a brief detour to The Twilight Zone. ”
Cast
Cliff Robertson as Chris Horn
John Crawford as Joe (1961)
Miranda Jones as Martha Horn (1847)
Evans Evans as Mary Lou (1961)
John Astin as Charlie (1847)
Edward Platt as Doctor (1961)
Ken Drake as Man (1847)
Robert L. McCord III as Sheriff (1961)
from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hundred_Yards_Over_the_Rim
![Description Let Us Beat Swords Into Plowshares statue at the United Nations Headquarters, New York City. Photograph credit: Rodsan18 Date Source This file is lacking source information. Please edit this file's description and provide a source. Author This file is lacking author information. Licensing PD-icon.svg This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in the United States between 1924 and 1977 without a copyright notice. See Commons:Hirtle chart for further explanation. Note that it may still be copyrighted in jurisdictions that do not apply the rule of the shorter term for US works (depending on the date of the author's death), such as Canada (50 p.m.a.), Mainland China (50 p.m.a., not Hong Kong or Macao), Germany (70 p.m.a.), Mexico (100 p.m.a.), Switzerland (70 p.m.a.), and other countries with individual treaties. Беларуская | Čeština | Deutsch | English | Español | Français | Italiano | 日本語 | Македонски | Nederlands | Português | Русский | Slovenščina | ไทย | +/− Swords to ploughshares This article is about converting military technology. For the American veterans' NPO, see Swords to Plowshares. Swords to ploughshares (or Swords to plowshares) is a concept in which military weapons or technologies are converted for peaceful civilian applications. The phrase originates from the Book of Isaiah: And many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; and He will teach us of His ways, and we will walk in His paths: for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. And He shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.—Isaiah 2:3–4 The ploughshare (Hebrew: אֵת ’êṯ, also translated coulter) is often used to symbolize creative tools that benefit humankind, as opposed to destructive tools of war, symbolized by the sword (Hebrew: חֶרֶב ḥereḇ), a similar sharp metal tool with an arguably opposite use. In addition to the original Biblical Messianic intent, the expression "beat swords into ploughshares" has been used by disparate social and political groups. An ongoing example as of 2013 is the dismantling of nuclear weapons and the use of their contents as fuel in civilian electric power stations, the Megatons to Megawatts Program. Nuclear fission development, originally accelerated for World War II weapons needs, has been applied to many civilian purposes since its use at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, including electricity and radiopharmaceutical production. Biblical references This analogy is used several times in the Old Testament or Tanakh, in both directions, such as in the following verses: And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruninghooks into spears: let the weak say, I am strong. And he shall judge among many people, and rebuke strong nations afar off; and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. An expression of this concept can be seen in a bronze statue in the United Nations garden called Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares, a gift from the Soviet Union sculpted by Evgeniy Vuchetich, representing the figure of a man hammering a sword into the shape of a plowshare. Practical applications After World War II, military surplus AFVs were sometimes converted into bulldozers, agricultural, and logging tractors, as seen in the American television series Axe Men.[1] Two are currently preserved at the Swords and Ploughshares Museum in Canada.[2][3] French farmers sometimes used modified versions of the obsolete FT-17 tank, and similar vehicles, based on the T-34 tank, remain in widespread use in the former USSR.[4] Robert Crawford, a British agricultural engineer and collector of classic tractors, owns a Sherman tank that was adapted to plow Lincolnshire's fields in response to the shortage of crawler tractors.[5] From the 1970s onwards, several anti-war musicians play guitars made from military surplus weapons. Jamaican reggae star Pete Tosh famously owned a Stratocaster built around an M-16 rifle.[6] In the present day the Escopetarra, a guitar converted from the AK-47, is the signature instrument of César López, Souriya Sunshine and Sami Lopakka of the Finnish death metal band Sentenced.[7] Nitrogen mustard, developed from the chemical weapon mustard gas developed in World War I,[8] became the basis for the world's first chemotherapy drug, mustine, developed through the 1940s.[9] Swedish aid organization IM Swedish Development Partner launched Humanium Metal, using metal from illegal handguns to create everyday objects. First product announced was headphones by Yevo.[10] In political and popular culture Twelve term US Congressman and three time presidential candidate Ron Paul wrote a book entitled Swords into Plowshares: A Life in Wartime and a Future of Peace and Prosperity, in which he discusses growing up during World War II and living his life through war after war.[11] In his farewell address, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower, when speaking about the military-industrial complex stated: Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. Added to this, three and a half million men and women are directly engaged in the defense establishment. We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations. For his first and second inaugurations, U.S. President Richard Nixon took the oath of office with his hand on two family Bibles, opened to Isaiah 2:2-4.[12][13][14] In their speeches at the signing of the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty, Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat, and Menachem Begin all referenced the saying in calling for peace.[15] In Ronald Reagan's Address to the 42nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, New York.[16] Cannot swords be turned to plowshares? Can we and all nations not live in peace? In our obsession with antagonisms of the moment, we often forget how much unites all the members of humanity. Perhaps we need some outside, universal threat to make us recognize this common bond. I occasionally think how quickly our differences world-wide would vanish if we were facing an alien threat from outside this world. And yet, I ask you, is not an alien force already among us? What could be more alien than war and the threat of war? The popular anti-war song "The Vine and Fig Tree" repeats the verse[17] And everyone neath their vine and fig tree shall live in peace and unafraid, Everyone neath their vine and fig tree shall live in peace and unafraid. And into ploughshares beat their swords Nations shall learn war no more. And into ploughshares beat their swords Nations shall learn war no more. The song "The End of the Innocence" by Don Henley (1989) uses the Joel inverted version of the phrase: O' beautiful, for spacious skies But now those skies are threatening They're beating plowshares into swords For this tired old man that we elected king "Heal the World" by Michael Jackson (1991): Create a world with no fear Together we'll cry happy tears See the nations turn Their swords into plowshares Finale of the musical Les Misérables: They will live again in freedom In the garden of the Lord. They will walk behind the ploughshare, They will put away the sword. The chain will be broken And all men will have their reward. A poem by Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai: Don’t stop after beating the swords into plowshares, don’t stop! Go on beating and make musical instruments out of them. Whoever wants to make war again will have to turn them into plowshares first. See also Anti-war movement Operation Plowshare Plowshares Movement Guns vs butter Tactical to Practical Atomic gardening References Templar, Simon (11 October 2015). "Civilian Shermans: after the war - they went to work..." Retrieved 11 June 2017. Spoelstra, Hanno. "Shermans into ploughshares". web.inter.nl.net. Retrieved 11 June 2017. "The Swords And Ploughshares Museum". www.calnan.com. Retrieved 11 June 2017. "BBC NEWS - Monitoring - Media reports - Ukraine turns tank into tractor". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2017. Spoelstra, Hanno. "Shermans into ploughshares". web.inter.nl.net. Retrieved 11 June 2017. "More Than Music: Peter Tosh And His M16 Rifle Guitar". Retrieved 11 June 2017. UNODC. "UNODC Perspectives No. 3 - Escopetarra: Instrument of peace". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 11 June 2017. United States Department of State, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance; United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (May 2004). "Introduction to Industry Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention" (PDF). cwc.gov. Gilman A (May 1963). "The initial clinical trial of nitrogen mustard". Am. J. Surg. 105 (5): 574–8. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(63)90232-0. PMID 13947966. Kleinman, Zoe (2018). "Illegal guns turned into headphones". BBC News. Retrieved 2018-01-15. Paul, Ron (17 July 2015). "Swords into Plowshares". Ron Paul Institute for Peace and Prosperity. Retrieved 11 June 2017 – via Amazon. United Press International (UPI) (20 January 1973). "Protestors' shouts mar inaugural ceremonies". Retrieved 18 October 2017. http://time.com/4639596/inauguration-day-presidents-bible-passages/ Ross, Scott (21 January 2013). "Obama's Inaugural Bibles: Lincoln, MLK". NBC 6 South Florida. Retrieved 18 October 2017. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter. Office of the Federal Register. 1979. pp. 518–520. "Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Archives". UTexas.edu. 1987-09-21. Retrieved 2013-01-01. "Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp Songbook". Fredsakademiet.dk. Retrieved 2013-01-01. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares](https://i0.wp.com/stoppauseplayfastforwardrewindejectrecord.us/blog1/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/5821E1E8-63C4-4519-8600-5B9FBC355906.jpeg)
Let Us Beat Swords Into Plowshares statue at the United Nations Headquarters, New York City.
Photograph credit: Rodsan18
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Please edit this file’s description and provide a source.
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Licensing
PD-icon.svg This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in the United States between 1924 and 1977 without a copyright notice. See Commons:Hirtle chart for further explanation. Note that it may still be copyrighted in jurisdictions that do not apply the rule of the shorter term for US works (depending on the date of the author’s death), such as Canada (50 p.m.a.), Mainland China (50 p.m.a., not Hong Kong or Macao), Germany (70 p.m.a.), Mexico (100 p.m.a.), Switzerland (70 p.m.a.), and other countries with individual treaties.
Беларуская | Čeština | Deutsch | English | Español | Français | Italiano | 日本語 | Македонски | Nederlands | Português | Русский | Slovenščina | ไทย | +/−
Swords to ploughshares
This article is about converting military technology. For the American veterans’ NPO, see Swords to Plowshares.
Swords to ploughshares (or Swords to plowshares) is a concept in which military weapons or technologies are converted for peaceful civilian applications.
The phrase originates from the Book of Isaiah:
And many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the
LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; and He will teach us of His ways, and we will walk in His paths: for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the
LORD from Jerusalem. And He shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.—Isaiah 2:3–4
The ploughshare (Hebrew: אֵת ’êṯ, also translated coulter) is often used to symbolize creative tools that benefit humankind, as opposed to destructive tools of war, symbolized by the sword (Hebrew: חֶרֶב ḥereḇ), a similar sharp metal tool with an arguably opposite use.
In addition to the original Biblical Messianic intent, the expression “beat swords into ploughshares” has been used by disparate social and political groups.
An ongoing example as of 2013 is the dismantling of nuclear weapons and the use of their contents as fuel in civilian electric power stations, the Megatons to Megawatts Program. Nuclear fission development, originally accelerated for World War II weapons needs, has been applied to many civilian purposes since its use at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, including electricity and radiopharmaceutical production.
Biblical references
This analogy is used several times in the Old Testament or Tanakh, in both directions, such as in the following verses:
And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.
Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruninghooks into spears: let the weak say, I am strong.
And he shall judge among many people, and rebuke strong nations afar off; and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.
An expression of this concept can be seen in a bronze statue in the United Nations garden called Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares, a gift from the Soviet Union sculpted by Evgeniy Vuchetich, representing the figure of a man hammering a sword into the shape of a plowshare.
Practical applications
After World War II, military surplus AFVs were sometimes converted into bulldozers, agricultural, and logging tractors, as seen in the American television series Axe Men.[1] Two are currently preserved at the Swords and Ploughshares Museum in Canada.[2][3] French farmers sometimes used modified versions of the obsolete FT-17 tank, and similar vehicles, based on the T-34 tank, remain in widespread use in the former USSR.[4] Robert Crawford, a British agricultural engineer and collector of classic tractors, owns a Sherman tank that was adapted to plow Lincolnshire’s fields in response to the shortage of crawler tractors.[5]
From the 1970s onwards, several anti-war musicians play guitars made from military surplus weapons. Jamaican reggae star Pete Tosh famously owned a Stratocaster built around an M-16 rifle.[6] In the present day the Escopetarra, a guitar converted from the AK-47, is the signature instrument of César López, Souriya Sunshine and Sami Lopakka of the Finnish death metal band Sentenced.[7]
Nitrogen mustard, developed from the chemical weapon mustard gas developed in World War I,[8] became the basis for the world’s first chemotherapy drug, mustine, developed through the 1940s.[9]
Swedish aid organization IM Swedish Development Partner launched Humanium Metal, using metal from illegal handguns to create everyday objects. First product announced was headphones by Yevo.[10]
In political and popular culture
Twelve term US Congressman and three time presidential candidate Ron Paul wrote a book entitled Swords into Plowshares: A Life in Wartime and a Future of Peace and Prosperity, in which he discusses growing up during World War II and living his life through war after war.[11]
In his farewell address, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower, when speaking about the military-industrial complex stated:
Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. Added to this, three and a half million men and women are directly engaged in the defense establishment. We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations.
For his first and second inaugurations, U.S. President Richard Nixon took the oath of office with his hand on two family Bibles, opened to Isaiah 2:2-4.[12][13][14]
In their speeches at the signing of the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty, Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat, and Menachem Begin all referenced the saying in calling for peace.[15]
In Ronald Reagan’s Address to the 42nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, New York.[16]
Cannot swords be turned to plowshares? Can we and all nations not live in peace? In our obsession with antagonisms of the moment, we often forget how much unites all the members of humanity. Perhaps we need some outside, universal threat to make us recognize this common bond. I occasionally think how quickly our differences world-wide would vanish if we were facing an alien threat from outside this world. And yet, I ask you, is not an alien force already among us? What could be more alien than war and the threat of war?
The popular anti-war song “The Vine and Fig Tree” repeats the verse[17]
And everyone neath their vine and fig tree
shall live in peace and unafraid,
Everyone neath their vine and fig tree
shall live in peace and unafraid.
And into ploughshares beat their swords
Nations shall learn war no more.
And into ploughshares beat their swords
Nations shall learn war no more.
The song “The End of the Innocence” by Don Henley (1989) uses the Joel inverted version of the phrase:
O’ beautiful, for spacious skies
But now those skies are threatening
They’re beating plowshares into swords
For this tired old man that we elected king
“Heal the World” by Michael Jackson (1991):
Create a world with no fear
Together we’ll cry happy tears
See the nations turn
Their swords into plowshares
Finale of the musical Les Misérables:
They will live again in freedom
In the garden of the Lord.
They will walk behind the ploughshare,
They will put away the sword.
The chain will be broken
And all men will have their reward.
A poem by Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai:
Don’t stop after beating the swords
into plowshares, don’t stop! Go on beating
and make musical instruments out of them.
Whoever wants to make war again
will have to turn them into plowshares first.
See also
Anti-war movement
Operation Plowshare
Plowshares Movement
Guns vs butter
Tactical to Practical
Atomic gardening
References
Templar, Simon (11 October 2015). “Civilian Shermans: after the war – they went to work…” Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Spoelstra, Hanno. “Shermans into ploughshares”. web.inter.nl.net. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
“The Swords And Ploughshares Museum”. http://www.calnan.com. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
“BBC NEWS – Monitoring – Media reports – Ukraine turns tank into tractor”. news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Spoelstra, Hanno. “Shermans into ploughshares”. web.inter.nl.net. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
“More Than Music: Peter Tosh And His M16 Rifle Guitar”. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
UNODC. “UNODC Perspectives No. 3 – Escopetarra: Instrument of peace”. http://www.unodc.org. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
United States Department of State, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance; United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (May 2004). “Introduction to Industry Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention” (PDF). cwc.gov.
Gilman A (May 1963). “The initial clinical trial of nitrogen mustard”. Am. J. Surg. 105 (5): 574–8. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(63)90232-0. PMID 13947966.
Kleinman, Zoe (2018). “Illegal guns turned into headphones”. BBC News. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
Paul, Ron (17 July 2015). “Swords into Plowshares”. Ron Paul Institute for Peace and Prosperity. Retrieved 11 June 2017 – via Amazon.
United Press International (UPI) (20 January 1973). “Protestors’ shouts mar inaugural ceremonies”. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
http://time.com/4639596/inauguration-day-presidents-bible-passages/
Ross, Scott (21 January 2013). “Obama’s Inaugural Bibles: Lincoln, MLK”. NBC 6 South Florida. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter. Office of the Federal Register. 1979. pp. 518–520.
“Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Archives”. UTexas.edu. 1987-09-21. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
“Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp Songbook”. Fredsakademiet.dk. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares
people wearing t-shirts and or fatigues at safeway a couple of days ago representing the armed forces–air force, navy, army, …etc. and cia–and a civilian couple and magazine cover ‘he suppors their family’ … (incidentally to^nan shoulder was very fatigued just drinking orange juice at red robins a week or so ago as though he had a glass of wine …low on adh alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme perhaps … but gum did not bleed afterward …) … recently to^nan was using nyquil with “dm” label for cough suppressant and thought that side effect of sleeping well due to synchronized (noiseless chatterless) breathing rates and heart rates was more profit than he has bargained for for his cough …
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan
The racemic parent compound racemorphan was first described in a Swiss and US patent application from Hoffmann-La Roche in 1946 and 1947, respectively; a patent was granted in 1950. A resolution of the two isomers of racemorphan with tartaric acid was published in 1952,[35] and DXM was successfully tested in 1954 as part of US Navy and CIA-funded research on nonaddictive substitutes for codeine.[36] DXM was approved by the FDA in 1958 as an over-the-counter antitussive.[35] As had been initially hoped, DXM was a solution for some of the problems associated with the use of codeine phosphate as a cough suppressant, such as sedation and opiate dependence, but like the dissociative anesthetics phencyclidine and ketamine, DXM later became associated with nonmedical use.[35][37]
During the 1960s and 1970s, dextromethorphan became available in an over-the-counter tablet form by the brand name Romilar. In 1973, Romilar was taken off the shelves after a burst in sales because of frequent misuse, and was replaced by cough syrup in an attempt to cut down on abuse.[37] The advent of widespread internet access in the 1990s allowed users to rapidly disseminate information about DXM, and online discussion groups formed around use and acquisition of the drug. As early as 1996, DXM HBr powder could be purchased in bulk from online retailers, allowing users to avoid consuming DXM in syrup preparations.[35] As of January 1, 2012, dextromethorphan is prohibited for sale to minors in the State of California and in the State of Oregon as of January 1, 2018, except with a doctor’s prescription.[38] Several other states have also began regulating sales of dextromethorphan to minors.
In Indonesia, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM-RI) prohibited single-component dextromethorphan drug sales with or without prescription. Indonesia is the only country in the world that makes single-component dextromethorphan illegal even by prescription[39] and violators may be prosecuted by law. National Anti-Narcotics Agency (BNN RI) has even threatened to revoke pharmacies’ and drug stores’ licenses if they still stock dextromethorphan, and will notify the police for criminal prosecution.[40] As a result of this regulation, 130 drugs have been withdrawn from the market, but drugs containing multicomponent dextromethorphan can be sold over the counter.[41] In its official press release, BPOM-RI also stated that dextromethorphan is often used as a substitute for marijuana, amphetamine, and heroin by drug abusers, and its use as an antitussive is less beneficial nowadays.[42]
one might note that in the twilight zone episode above the gun –originally to be used for among other things to ward off native american indians … who incidentally in the west coast might be the ute where út ~ smallest brother/sister compare to the iroquois where ire ~ ức as in đức of the east coast even though iroquois might not be a true native american indian word/name–are left behind–a farewell to arms or arms to plowshare–in exchange for the pennicilin … suggesting thus when natives save and adopt and allow the child via allowing the pennicilin (which also save and benefit the world outside of america and which is developed after contact though he judeo-christian millenium rush might also contribute) then the father will relinquish arms that could possibly be used against natives american indians …
incidentally also recall previous note on an “all well that ends well” result of cia action in south america …
![Open main menu Wikipedia EditWatch this page File:Rigoberta Menchu.jpg File:Rigoberta Menchu.jpg Size of this preview: 388 × 598 pixels. Other resolutions: 155 × 240 pixels | 311 × 480 pixels | 671 × 1,035 pixels. Original file (671 × 1,035 pixels, file size: 106 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Information from its description page there is shown below. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. You can help. Summary Description .From November 9 1998 southern Maryland © copyright John Mathew Smith 2001 Date 24 October 2010, 22:17 Source RIGOBERTA MENCHU Author Kingkongphoto & www.celebrity-photos.com from Laurel Maryland, USA Licensing w:en:Creative Commons attribution share alike This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix – to adapt the work Under the following conditions: attribution – You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). share alike – If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. Checked copyright icon.svg This image was originally posted to Flickr by Kingkongphoto & www.celebrity-photos.com at https://flickr.com/photos/36277035@N06/5112486475. It was reviewed on 29 November 2018 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0. Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Spanish: [riɣoˈβeɾta menˈtʃu]; born 9 January 1959) is a K'iche' political and human rights activist from Guatemala. Menchú has dedicated her life to publicizing the rights of Guatemala's indigenous feminists during and after the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996), and to promoting indigenous rights in the country. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992 and the Prince of Asturias Award in 1998, in addition to other prestigious awards. She is the subject of the testimonial biography I, Rigoberta Menchú (1983) and the author of the autobiographical work, Crossing Borders (1998), among other works. Menchú is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador. She has also become a figure in indigenous political parties and ran for President of Guatemala in 2007 and 2011. Personal life Edit Rigoberta Menchú was born to a poor indigenous family of Q'iche' Maya descent in Laj Chimel, a rural areas in the north-central Guatemalan province of El Quiché.[1] Menchú received a primary- and middle-school education as a student at several Catholic boarding schools.[citation needed] In 1979-80 her brother, Patrocinio, and her mother, Juana, were kidnapped, tortured and murdered by the Guatemalan army.[citation needed] Her father, Vicente, died in the 1980 Burning of the Spanish Embassy, which occurred after urban guerrillas took hostages and were attacked by government security forces.[2] In January 2015, a Guatemalan court convicted the commander of a former police investigations murder unit of attempted murder and crimes against humanity for his role in the embassy attack, in which Menchú's father died.[2] In 1981, Menchú was exiled and escaped to Mexico where she found refuge in the home of a Catholic bishop in Chiapas.[citation needed] A year later, in 1982, she narrated a book about her life, titled Me llamo Rigoberta Menchú y así me nació la conciencia (My Name is Rigoberta Menchú, and this is how my Conscience was Born), to Venezuelan author and anthropologist Elizabeth Burgos, which was translated into five other languages including English and French.[1] The book made her an international icon at the time of the ongoing conflict in Guatemala.[1] In 1984, Menchú's other brother, Victor, was shot to death after he surrendered to the Guatemalan army, was threatened by soldiers, and tried to escape.[citation needed] In 1995, Menchú married Ángel Canil, a Guatemalan. They have a son, Mash Nahual J’a ("Spirit of Water").[3] Activism Edit Learn more This section needs additional citations for verification. After leaving school, Menchú worked as an activist campaigning against human rights violations committed by the Guatemalan armed forces during the country's civil war, which lasted from 1960 to 1996.[citation needed] After being exiled in 1981, Menchú continued to organize resistance to oppression in Guatemala and organize the struggle for indigenous rights by co-founding the United Republic of Guatemalan Opposition.[4] Tens of thousands of people, mostly Mayan Indians, fled to Mexico from 1982 to 1984 at the height of Guatemala's 36-year civil war.[4] After the Guatemalan Civil War ended, Menchú campaigned to have Guatemalan political and military establishment members tried in Spanish courts.[5] In 1999, she filed a complaint before a court in Spain because prosecutions of civil-war era crimes in Guatemala was practically impossible.[5] These attempts stalled as the Spanish courts determined that the plaintiffs had not yet exhausted all possibilities of seeking justice through the legal system of Guatemala.[5] On December 23, 2006, Spain called for the extradition of Guatemala of seven former members of Guatemala's government, including Efraín Ríos Montt and Óscar Mejía, on charges of genocide and torture.[6] Spain's highest court ruled that cases of genocide committed abroad could be judged in Spain, even if no Spanish citizens were involved.[6] In addition to the deaths of Spanish citizens, the most serious charges include genocide against the Maya people of Guatemala.[6] Menchú has become involved in the Indian pharmaceutical industry as president of "Salud para Todos" ("Health for All") and the company "Farmacias Similares," with the goal of offering low-cost generic medicines.[7] She has served as president of "Salud para Todos" since 2003 and has opened pharmacies all over Guatemala.[8] As president of this organization, Menchú has received pushback from large pharmaceutical companies due to her desire to shorten the patent life of certain AIDS and cancer drugs and increase their availability and affordability.[8] Mechú served as the Presidential Goodwill Ambassador for the 1996 Peace Accords in Guatemala.[7] That same year she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in Boston.[9] Since then, Menchú has used her position as an UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador to attend various lectures and conferences, including giving a lecture on "Human Rights and Social Justice" at UCONN in 2012.[10] In 2015, Menchú met with the general director of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, in order to solidify relations between Guatemala and the organization.[11] In 2006, Menchú was one of the founders of the Nobel Women's Initiative along with sister Nobel Peace Laureates Jody Williams, Shirin Ebadi, Wangari Maathai, Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan Maguire.[12] These six women, representing North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, decided to bring together their experiences in a united effort for peace, justice and equality.[12] It is the goal of the Nobel Women's Initiative to help strengthen women's rights around the world.[12] Menchú is a member of PeaceJam, an organization whose mission is use Nobel Peace Laureates as mentors and models to young, future leaders and provide a way for these Laureates to share their knowledge, passions, and experience.[13][14] She travels around the world speaking to youth through PeaceJam conferences.[13] She has also been a member of the Fondation Chirac's honor committee since the foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac in order to promote world peace.[15] Menchú has continued her activism in recent years, according to the Prensa Latina, by continuing to raise awareness for issues including political and economic inequality and climate change.[16]](https://i0.wp.com/stoppauseplayfastforwardrewindejectrecord.us/blog1/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/7A095899-A73A-40C6-9845-F49609FDFD77.jpeg)
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.From November 9 1998 southern Maryland
© copyright John Mathew Smith 2001
Date 24 October 2010, 22:17
Source RIGOBERTA MENCHU
Author Kingkongphoto & http://www.celebrity-photos.com from Laurel Maryland, USA
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Under the following conditions:
attribution – You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
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Checked copyright icon.svg This image was originally posted to Flickr by Kingkongphoto & http://www.celebrity-photos.com at https://flickr.com/photos/36277035@N06/5112486475. It was reviewed on 29 November 2018 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0.
Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Spanish: [riɣoˈβeɾta menˈtʃu]; born 9 January 1959) is a K’iche’ political and human rights activist from Guatemala. Menchú has dedicated her life to publicizing the rights of Guatemala’s indigenous feminists during and after the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996), and to promoting indigenous rights in the country.
She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992 and the Prince of Asturias Award in 1998, in addition to other prestigious awards. She is the subject of the testimonial biography I, Rigoberta Menchú (1983) and the author of the autobiographical work, Crossing Borders (1998), among other works. Menchú is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador. She has also become a figure in indigenous political parties and ran for President of Guatemala in 2007 and 2011.
Personal life
Edit
Rigoberta Menchú was born to a poor indigenous family of Q’iche’ Maya descent in Laj Chimel, a rural areas in the north-central Guatemalan province of El Quiché.[1] Menchú received a primary- and middle-school education as a student at several Catholic boarding schools.[citation needed]
In 1979-80 her brother, Patrocinio, and her mother, Juana, were kidnapped, tortured and murdered by the Guatemalan army.[citation needed] Her father, Vicente, died in the 1980 Burning of the Spanish Embassy, which occurred after urban guerrillas took hostages and were attacked by government security forces.[2] In January 2015, a Guatemalan court convicted the commander of a former police investigations murder unit of attempted murder and crimes against humanity for his role in the embassy attack, in which Menchú’s father died.[2]
In 1981, Menchú was exiled and escaped to Mexico where she found refuge in the home of a Catholic bishop in Chiapas.[citation needed] A year later, in 1982, she narrated a book about her life, titled Me llamo Rigoberta Menchú y así me nació la conciencia (My Name is Rigoberta Menchú, and this is how my Conscience was Born), to Venezuelan author and anthropologist Elizabeth Burgos, which was translated into five other languages including English and French.[1] The book made her an international icon at the time of the ongoing conflict in Guatemala.[1]
In 1984, Menchú’s other brother, Victor, was shot to death after he surrendered to the Guatemalan army, was threatened by soldiers, and tried to escape.[citation needed]
In 1995, Menchú married Ángel Canil, a Guatemalan. They have a son, Mash Nahual J’a (“Spirit of Water”).[3]
Activism
Edit
Learn more
This section needs additional citations for verification.
After leaving school, Menchú worked as an activist campaigning against human rights violations committed by the Guatemalan armed forces during the country’s civil war, which lasted from 1960 to 1996.[citation needed] After being exiled in 1981, Menchú continued to organize resistance to oppression in Guatemala and organize the struggle for indigenous rights by co-founding the United Republic of Guatemalan Opposition.[4] Tens of thousands of people, mostly Mayan Indians, fled to Mexico from 1982 to 1984 at the height of Guatemala’s 36-year civil war.[4]
After the Guatemalan Civil War ended, Menchú campaigned to have Guatemalan political and military establishment members tried in Spanish courts.[5] In 1999, she filed a complaint before a court in Spain because prosecutions of civil-war era crimes in Guatemala was practically impossible.[5] These attempts stalled as the Spanish courts determined that the plaintiffs had not yet exhausted all possibilities of seeking justice through the legal system of Guatemala.[5] On December 23, 2006, Spain called for the extradition of Guatemala of seven former members of Guatemala’s government, including Efraín Ríos Montt and Óscar Mejía, on charges of genocide and torture.[6] Spain’s highest court ruled that cases of genocide committed abroad could be judged in Spain, even if no Spanish citizens were involved.[6] In addition to the deaths of Spanish citizens, the most serious charges include genocide against the Maya people of Guatemala.[6]
Menchú has become involved in the Indian pharmaceutical industry as president of “Salud para Todos” (“Health for All”) and the company “Farmacias Similares,” with the goal of offering low-cost generic medicines.[7] She has served as president of “Salud para Todos” since 2003 and has opened pharmacies all over Guatemala.[8] As president of this organization, Menchú has received pushback from large pharmaceutical companies due to her desire to shorten the patent life of certain AIDS and cancer drugs and increase their availability and affordability.[8]
Mechú served as the Presidential Goodwill Ambassador for the 1996 Peace Accords in Guatemala.[7] That same year she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in Boston.[9] Since then, Menchú has used her position as an UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador to attend various lectures and conferences, including giving a lecture on “Human Rights and Social Justice” at UCONN in 2012.[10] In 2015, Menchú met with the general director of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, in order to solidify relations between Guatemala and the organization.[11]
In 2006, Menchú was one of the founders of the Nobel Women’s Initiative along with sister Nobel Peace Laureates Jody Williams, Shirin Ebadi, Wangari Maathai, Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan Maguire.[12] These six women, representing North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, decided to bring together their experiences in a united effort for peace, justice and equality.[12] It is the goal of the Nobel Women’s Initiative to help strengthen women’s rights around the world.[12]
Menchú is a member of PeaceJam, an organization whose mission is use Nobel Peace Laureates as mentors and models to young, future leaders and provide a way for these Laureates to share their knowledge, passions, and experience.[13][14] She travels around the world speaking to youth through PeaceJam conferences.[13] She has also been a member of the Fondation Chirac’s honor committee since the foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac in order to promote world peace.[15]
Menchú has continued her activism in recent years, according to the Prensa Latina, by continuing to raise awareness for issues including political and economic inequality and climate change.[16]
Published on Aug 16, 2012
may “you’re ok/well; i’m ok/well” “muôn loài được bình thường sống lâu; everyone live well and long” …
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